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China". The World Factbook (2023ed.). Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 2016-07-03. (Archived 2016 edition) a b Rincon, Paul (17 April 2003). " 'Earliest writing' found in China". BBC News . Retrieved 2020-01-14.

Main article: Chinese literature The stories in Journey to the West are common themes in Peking opera. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, the total area of the United States, at 9,522,055km 2 (3,676,486sqmi), is slightly smaller than that of China. Meanwhile, the CIA World Factbook states that China's total area was greater than that of the United States until the coastal waters of the Great Lakes was added to the United States' total area in 1996. From 1989 through 1996, the total area of US was listed as 9,372,610km 2 (3,618,780sqmi) (land area plus inland water only). The listed total area changed to 9,629,091km 2 (3,717,813sqmi) in 1997 (with the Great Lakes areas and the coastal waters added), to 9,631,418km 2 (3,718,711sqmi) in 2004, to 9,631,420km 2 (3,718,710sqmi) in 2006, and to 9,826,630km 2 (3,794,080sqmi) in 2007 (territorial waters added). Main article: History of science and technology in China Earliest known written formula for gunpowder, from the Wujing Zongyao of 1044 CE a b c "China". The World Factbook (2023ed.). Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 2013-11-23. (Archived 2013 edition) a b c "Constitution of the People's Republic of China". National People's Congress. 20 November 2019 . Retrieved 2021-03-20.The world's most, and least, democratic countries in 2022". The Economist. 1 February 2023 . Retrieved 2023-02-02.

Although this is the present meaning of guó, in Old Chinese (when its pronunciation was something like /*qʷˤək/) [26] it meant the walled city of the Chinese and the areas they could control from them. [27] The country has significant water pollution problems; only 84.8% of China's national surface water was graded suitable for human consumption by the Ministry of Ecology and Environment in 2021. [182] In 2020, a sweeping law was passed by the Chinese government to protect the ecology of the Yangtze River. The new laws include strengthening ecological protection rules for hydropower projects, banning chemical plants within 1 kilometer of the river, relocating polluting industries, severely restricting sand mining as well as a complete fishing ban on all the natural waterways of the river, including all its major tributaries and lakes. [183] May, Timothy (2012). The Mongol Conquests in World History. Reaktion Books. p.1211. ISBN 978-1-86189-971-2.

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The People's Republic of China is a one-party state governed by the Marxist–Leninist Chinese Communist Party (CCP). This makes China one of the last countries governed by a communist party. The Chinese constitution states that the PRC "is a socialist state governed by a people's democratic dictatorship that is led by the working class and based on an alliance of workers and peasants," that the state institutions "shall practice the principle of democratic centralism," [192] and that "the defining feature of socialism with Chinese characteristics is the leadership of the Communist Party of China." [193]

McDonell, Stephen (22 October 2022). "Hu Jintao: The mysterious exit of China's former leader from party congress". BBC News . Retrieved 2023-05-16. Between the 10th and 11th century CE, the population of China doubled to around 100 million people, mostly because of the expansion of rice cultivation in central and southern China, and the production of abundant food surpluses. The Song dynasty also saw a revival of Confucianism, in response to the growth of Buddhism during the Tang, [65] and a flourishing of philosophy and the arts, as landscape art and porcelain were brought to new levels of complexity. [66] [67] However, the military weakness of the Song army was observed by the Jin dynasty. In 1127, Emperor Huizong of Song and the capital Bianjing were captured during the Jin–Song Wars. The remnants of the Song retreated to southern China. [68] Wang Yangming (1472–1529)". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Archived from the original on 2013-11-09 . Retrieved 2013-12-09. China was a world leader in science and technology until the Ming dynasty. [373] Ancient and medieval Chinese discoveries and inventions, such as papermaking, printing, the compass, and gunpowder (the Four Great Inventions), became widespread across East Asia, the Middle East and later Europe. Chinese mathematicians were the first to use negative numbers. [374] [375] By the 17th century, the Western World surpassed China in scientific and technological advancement. [376] The causes of this early modern Great Divergence continue to be debated by scholars. [377] Turvey, Samuel (2008). Witness to Extinction: How we failed to save the Yangtze River dolphin. Oxford University Press.Ping-ti Ho. "An Estimate of the Total Population of Sung-Chin China", in Études Song, Series 1, No 1, (1970). pp. 33–53.

Pletcher, Kenneth (2011). The History of China. Britannica Educational Publishing. p.35. ISBN 978-1-61530-181-2. In 1912, the monarchy was overthrown and the Republic of China was established. The Republic saw consistent conflict for most of the mid-20th century, including a civil war between the Kuomintang government and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), which began in 1927, as well as the Second Sino-Japanese War that began in 1937 and continued until 1945, therefore becoming involved in World War II. The latter led to a temporary stop in the civil war and numerous Japanese atrocities such as the Nanjing Massacre, which continue to influence China–Japan relations. In 1949, the CCP established control over China as the Kuomintang fled to Taiwan. Early communist rule saw two major projects: the Great Leap Forward, which resulted in a sharp economic decline and massive famine; and the Cultural Revolution, a movement to purge all non-communist elements of Chinese society that led to mass violence and persecution. Beginning in 1978, the Chinese government launched economic reforms that moved the country away from planned economics, but political reforms were cut short by the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre. Economic reform continued to strengthen the nation's economy in the following decades while raising China's standard of living significantly.Chestney, Nina (10 June 2013). "Global carbon emissions hit record high in 2012". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2013-11-19 . Retrieved 2013-11-03. Wang, Orange; Leng, Sidney (28 September 2018). "Chinese President Xi Jinping's show of support for state-owned firms 'no surprise', analysts say". South China Morning Post . Retrieved 2020-01-31.