Barnyard Millet/Siridhanya 2 Kg (70.74 OZ)

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Athwal DS, Singh G (1966) Variability in Kangni-1. Adaptation and genotypic and phenotypic variability in four environments. Indian J Genet 26:142–152 Finger millet is originally native to the highlands of East Africa and was domesticated before the third millennium BCE. Its cultivation had spread to South India by 1800 BCE. [26] Spreading [ edit ]

The successful utilization of barnyard millet genetic resources resulted in the release of more than 20 varieties and cultures across India ( Gomashe, 2017). The first variety of K1 was developed by the pureline selection method from local landraces of Tenkasi, Tamil Nadu, India, released during 1970, which possesses an average state yield of 1,000 kg ha –1. Later, several varieties were released against various pests and diseases across India through pureline selection from local landraces or exotic germplasm accessions. Among these, the notable variety PRJ 1, a direct selection from exotic collections of ICRISAT was released during 2003, by Vivekananda Institute of Hill Agriculture, Almora, Uttarakhand, India, possess a higher grain yield (2,500 kg ha –1) with resistance against various smuts ( Upadhyaya et al., 2008). Recently, MDU 1, a variety developed by Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, India, through pureline selection of local landrace of Tamil Nadu possesses the characteristic features of short duration (<100 days) and higher grain yield (2,500 kg ha –1) ( Vanniarajan et al., 2018). Besides, this variety also possesses a higher amount of iron content (16 mg/100 g) in the grains with good milling and cooking quality. In Japan, the “Noge-Hie,” a low amylose grain-containing cultivar was identified from a local landrace possessing natural deletion in one of three waxy genes ( Hoshino et al., 2010). At the same time, “Chojuromochi,” a mutant developed through artificial γ-radiation, was completely devoid of Waxy ( Wx) protein synthesis. In addition, the waxy protein trait was found to be stably inherited. Such glutinous variety in barnyard millet is in huge demand from Japanese consumers and industries for various food preparations similar to rice from paddy. Echinochloa esculenta (A.Braun) H.Scholz". Global Diversity Information Facility. GBIF Secretariat. n.d . Retrieved September 25, 2020. Arthi N., Rajagopal B., Geethanjali S., Nirmalakumari A., Natesan S. (2019). Screening of barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentacea) germplasm for salinity tolerance. Electron. J. Plant Breed. 10 659–666. 10.5958/0975-928X.2019.00083.8 Upadhyaya HD, Gowda CLL, Reddy VG (2007) Morphological diversity in finger millet germplasm introduced from Southern and Eastern Africa. SAT eJ 3(1):1Echinochloa esculenta is a species of grass in the family Poaceae. [1] [2] [3] It is referred to by the common names Japanese barnyard millet or Japanese millet, is a species of Echinochloa that is cultivated on a small scale in India, Japan, China and Korea, both as a food and for animal fodder. It is grown in areas where the land is unsuitable or the climate too cool for paddy rice cultivation. However, the development of rice varieties that can withstand cold has led to a sharp decline in the cultivation of Japanese barnyard millet, in favor of rice. The earliest records of the domesticated form date to 2000 BC from the Jōmon period of Japan. [ citation needed]

Gujarat agro-climatic Zone I, II and III (dry lands/hilly/tribal region of Dang, Valsad, Navsari and Panchmahal districts of Gujarat) The Echinochloa species generally has potential resistance against various biotic and abiotic stresses. However, cultivated species such as E. esculenta and E. frumentacea are widely threatened by pest and diseases (i.e., shoot fly, stem borer, grain smut, and loose smut) at different growth stages of the crop ( Jain et al., 1997; Jagadish et al., 2008). Aphid’s infection at the vegetative stage causes considerable yield reduction to E. frumentacea. So far, DHBM 996 and TNEF-204 were found to be resistant genotypes for shoot fly and stem borer ( Rawat et al., 2019). Meanwhile, Kim et al. (2008) reported that some E. frumentacea accessions have the potential for antifeeding activity against brown plant hopper, which is among the major pests that affect rice production. On the other hand, loose smut ( Ustilago tritici) and grain smut ( Ustilago panici frumentacea) are major fungal diseases that affect the grain formation in both the cultivated species of Echinochloa ( Jain et al., 1997; Gupta et al., 2010a). A heavy infestation of smuts during head formation leads to a significant reduction in grain yield and quality ( Gupta et al., 2010a). However, Nagaraja and Mantur (2008) and Gupta et al. (2010a) showed that some of the E. esculenta accessions had the immunity against both smut diseases and further provide the chance to breed the resistance lines. Yadav VK, Kumar B, Yadav R, Malik N, Kumar J (2010) All India coordinated small millet improvement project. Ranichauri Gollagi SG, Chetti MB, Ashvathama VH (2013) Biophysical basis of productivity in little millet ( Panicum miliare L). Int J Agric Sci 9(1):117–120Hilu KW (1994) Evidence from RAPD markers in the evolution of Echinochloa millets (Poaceae). Plant Syst Evol 189:247–257. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00939730 Odintsova TI, Rogozhin EA, Baranov Y, Musolyamov AK, Yalpani N, EgorovT A, Grishin EV (2008) Seed defensins of barnyard grass Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv. Biochimie 90(11–12):1667–1673 Sampath TV, Razvi SM, Singh D, Bondale KV (1989) Small millets in Indian agriculture. In: Seetharam A, Riley KW, Harinarayana G (eds) Small millets in global agriculture, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., India. pp 33–44 Further, the multidimensional principal component analysis (PCA)-based phenotypic characterization of these 89 accessions resulted in three different groups for agronomic and other phenotypic traits based on its origin ( Sood et al., 2015). The study has also identified some promising genotypes, which could be efficiently used in a breeding program for the improvement of early maturity, grain yield, and yield contributing traits. Similarly, the IIMR, Hyderabad, evaluated the 146 barnyard millet accessions and found a larger variation for grain yield and yield contributing traits, which led to the identification of 18 promising accessions for barnyard millet breeding programs ( IIMR, 2016). A comparison of agronomic traits from various trials conducted across India is given in Supplementary Table S2, which revealed barnyard millet genotypes to have considerable variation for yield and yield-related traits. For instance, the genotypes with higher grain yield and yield contributing traits (panicle length, number of raceme, and grain yield) were identified in the Southern States of India viz., Telangana and Tamil Nadu. In contrast, early maturing (58–90 days) genotypes were mostly found in the Northern States of India. Wallace GJ, Upadhyaya H, Vetriventhan M et al (2015) The genetic makeup of a global barnyard millet germplasm collection. Plant Genome 08:01–07

Prasada Rao KE, de Wet JMJ, Brink DE et al (1987) Intraspecific variation and systematics of cultivated Setaria italica, foxtail millet (Poaceae). Econ Bot 41:108–116 Compared to other minor millets like kodo and foxtail millet, barnyard millet grains are less hard. The mature pericarp of the seed consists of two epidermal layers with cells of the inner epidermis completely compressed over the outer epidermis ( Singh et al., 2010). The cell wall of the aleuronic layer cutinized ( Zee and O’brien, 1971), and also contains a maximum amount of carbohydrate (57–66%), followed by fiber (6.4–12.2%), protein (5–8.5%), fat (3.5–4.6%), and ash (2.5–4.0%) content. Starch granules are simple and are spherical to polygonal shapes with a diameter of 1.2–10 μm, which is larger than other small millets ( Kumari and Thayumanavan, 1998). The pericarp color of grain differs among genotypes from straw white to light gray and dark gray ( Renganathan et al., 2017; Kuraloviya et al., 2019). The seeds usually germinate easily under proper storage conditions at 12°C and are able to retain their viability for up to 13 months ( Kannan et al., 2013) and beyond, although improper or poor storage may lead to loss of viability in both species of barnyard millet. The seed dormancy, a major limiting factor in the cultivation of small millets, has not been studied yet in detail. However, in barnyard millet, both wild and freshly harvested seeds of cultivated species reported to have seed dormancy ( Maun and Barrett, 1986; Sung et al., 1987; Manidool, 1992). Although the deep physiological dormancy in E. crus-galli grain was the most probable feature for its prolonged existence ( Song et al., 2015), the innate dormancy present in cultivated Echinochloa species further hinders the evaluation or multiplication of seeds in germplasm conservation centers ( Kovach et al., 2010). Despite this, the dormancy breaking treatments in Echinochloa also varies with species; some accessions may require light or dark and cold or heat or a combination of both ( Kovach et al., 2010). Seed application of 100 ppm of IAA (Indoleacetic acid) improved germination percentage (18%), speed of germination (5.58 days earlier), and increased the seed length (11%), dry matter (3.80%), and vigor index (21%) ( Sujatha et al., 2013). In another study, barnyard millet seeds treated with Pseudomonas fluorescens enhanced the seed germination and seedling growth attributes in barnyard millet ( Sridevi and Manonmani, 2016). This is mainly due to the direct suppression of deleterious pathogens or the indirect production of growth hormones that ultimately increases the uptake, solubilization, and translocation of less available minerals ( Olanrewaju et al., 2017). Babu BK, Rashmi C, Sood S (2018) Cross transferability of finger millet and maize genomic SSR markers for genetic diversity and population structure analysis of barnyard millet. Indian J Genet 78:364–372. https://doi.org/10.31742/IJGPB.78.3.5 Nozawa S, Hirokazu N, Yo IS (2004) Characterization of Microsatellite and ISSR polymorphisms among Echinochloa spp. (L.) Beauv. in Japan. Plant Breed 6:187–193 Underwood MP (2000) Genetic enhancement of sorghum and millet residues fed to ruminants: farmers' perceptions of fodder quality in livelihood systems: summary report: PRA case studies in Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Rajasthan States. ILRI (aka ILCA and ILRAD)Anju T., Sarita S. (2010). Suitability of foxtail millet (Setaria italica) and barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentacea) for development of low glycemic index biscuits. Malays. J. Nutr. 16 361–368. TNAU (2020) Agritech portal. http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/agriculture/minormillets_panivaragu.html. Accessed 9 April 2020 Genus Echinochloa: collectively, the members of this genus are called barnyard grasses or barnyard millets Upadhyaya HD, Dwivedi SL, Singh SK, Singh S, Vetriventhan M, Sharma S (2014) Forming core collections in barnyard, kodo, and little millets using morphoagronomic descriptors. Crop Sci 54:2673–2682. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2014.03.0221