An Encyclopedia of Naval History

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Early sailing, gun-armed navies were developed primarily by states without strong mercantile marines: Portugal, France (Brittany), England, Denmark, and Sweden.

The limited utility of oared forces was revealed during two wars between Venice and the Ottomans (1644 –1669 and 1684 –1699), and both powers reduced the number of galleys. com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA).

During the 1760s and 1770s French and Spanish battle fleet strength outpaced the British by a wide margin, and during the War of American Independence the combined Bourbon navies were frequently able to place severe limits on British operational freedom on sea and on land. The Roman Republic and Empire had to maintain a fleet not only to neutralize the threat arising from rival sea powers but also to deal with the piracy prevalent in the Mediterranean and with the consequent safeguarding of trade routes. The east coast coal trade needed many ships, and Hanseatic competition in the shipment of English cloth to the processors in the Low Countries had to be countered. King, or overlord, also in Denmark (1019) and Norway (1028), no English monarch had such distant dominions again until Charles II in the later 17th cent.

The articles in this thorough and comprehensive encyclopedia of the maritime history of the American Civil War offer reflections on the overall strategy of both sides in the conflict, the role of diplomacy, the most important naval officers and other personalities, naval battles and individual engagements, famous ships and significant ship types, naval artillery and weapon systems, or novel technical developments such as mines or submersibles. Since then, naval air power (including missiles) has been the preeminent weapon of the world’s fleets.The other main type comprised the lighter and faster cruisers, of which the largest was the frigate, a vessel with one or two decks of guns of lesser calibre than those of the main fighting ships.

Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia. The complete PDF was then passed through an "AI" text summarization tool which produced concise summaries of each page. There have been several books written about the Navy and the Civil War, most notably, Tony Gibbons 's Warships andNaval Battles of the Civil War (Popular Culture Ink, 1990), Ivan Musicant's Divided Waters: The Naval History of the Civil War (Book Sales, 2000), and Jayne E. The age-old side rudder also gave place to the stern-post rudder aligned on the keel, facilitating steering a few points off the wind. The Roman navy included two main fleets and was always highly organized, with a body of soldiers, the classici, specially assigned for service afloat.Blair's The Essential Civil War: A Handbook to the Battles, Armies, Navies and Commanders (McFarland, 2006). By using the Web site, you confirm that you have read, understood, and agreed to be bound by the Terms and Conditions. Some of the more interesting entries of the book include: "African American Sailors," "Food and Drink aboard Ship," "Balloons," "Shipboard Life," "Confederate Naval Strategy," and "Union Naval Strategy. these ports, joined by Winchelsea and Rye, provided the ‘drive’ for assembling royal fleets, though under Henry III ( c.